External Applications (OAuth)

As a developer working on the integration of UiPath products with external applications, you are responsible for tasks such as managing scope changes, managing access tokens and refresh tokens and maintaining the integration between the external app and UiPath resources. The following guide walks you through these operations.

OAuth offers a selection of libraries that you can leverage to simplify authentication, authorization, delegation and securing API calls. You can access these resources directly from the official OAuth website.

Prerequisites

As a developer, once the organization admin has registered your external application in UiPath, you will need to obtain the registration details to authenticate your external app with UiPath resources.

• The App Type and the App ID. If you are working with a confidential application, you will also need the App Secret. These are used to authenticate your app with UiPath's Identity Server, the authorization server for accessing UiPath resources, which supports the OAuth 2.0 framework.

• Additionally, you need to know the external app scopes, which defines what resources your external app can access in UiPath. This includes both the resource specification (like Assets, Processes, etc.) and the permission level (read, write, edit, etc.).

Authenticating and authorizing external apps

After the external application is registered, you must implement the appropriate authorization mechanism for the external application, with the appropriate grant type, so that the external application can retrieve an access token.

During this process, request an access token by providing the scope of the external app and the credentials of the registered app - the App ID (and App Secret in the case of confidential applications) - to Identity Server. If the credentials are valid, Identity Server responds by issuing an authorization code, which will be used to generate the access token.

Which authorization grant type to use

Application Type	Scope	Required Grant Type
confidential	application	Client credentials
confidential	user	Authorization code
confidential	application & user	Client credentials & Authorization code
non-confidential	user	Authorization code with PKCE

Note:

When the scope name is the same under both user and application scope, as in the case of Orchestrator, the grant type you use determines if the resource is called under user scope or under application scope.

Declaring scopes

The scope defined by the administrator for an application determines the maximum level of access that the application can attain. As a developer, if you request access beyond this predefined scope, your request fails. Therefore, it is important to ensure your requests are within the scope defined by the admin.

At the admin level, application's permissions can be:

• Organization-scoped permissions: By default, when an external application is registered, it has organization-wide access to the resources according to the scopes set.

• Fine-grained permissions: For more granular permission settings, the organization admin can assign a role at the tenant or folder level within Orchestrator to the external app, though this is only applicable for confidential applications.

At the developer level, declaring scopes is done as follows:

• Organization-scoped permissions: When you declare an explicitly specified scope like OR.Machines.View in the token request, it implies that the application is requesting an organization-wide access permission.
• Fine-grained permissions: To provide your application with fine-grained access, you must declare OR.Default in the token request. OR.Default acts like a wildcard scope, providing your application with fine-grained access that depends on its assigned role in specific tenants or folders.

For example, suppose you want your application to have organization-wide access to view all machines, as well as exclusive permissions at a more granular level within defined tenants and folders. In that case, you can declare the scopes as OR.Machines.View and OR.Default. This combined declaration allows your external application to operate both at an organization-wide level and specific Orchestrator tenants or folders.

Check the endpoint in the API documentation of the resource to get the scope values you need. For example:

Confidential apps with app scopes (client credentials flow)

Confidential applications with application scopes perform the client credentials flow against the UiPath Identity Server.

Diagram shows OAuth client credentials flow. Client sends credential to Identity Server and receives access token. With verified token, access is provided to API resources.

For a detailed understanding of the OAuth flow utilizing Client Credentials, please refer to the RFC 6749 document.

With this grant type, the flow is as follows:

1. The external application requests an access token by sending a POST request that includes the client_id and client_secret to the Identity Server token endpoint: https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/token:

   grant_type=client_credentials&client_id={app_id}&client_secret={app_secret}&scope={scopes}

   Field	Description
   client_id	Specifies the unique identifier assigned to the application during its registration. Must contain the App ID (provided by the administrator).
   client_secret	Specifies confidential piece of information, like a password, that is provided to confidential applications upon their registration. This field is used along with the client_id to authenticate the application when it issues requests to the Identity Server. Must contain the App Secret (provided by the administrator).
   scope	Specifies the scopes requested by the application, delimited by a space; for example: OR.Machines.View OR.Default. Use OR.Default to grant controlled, customized access within specific tenants or folders. The actual permissions the application gets are determined based on where the application is assigned within tenants or folders by the administrator. Use explicit scopes like OR.Machines.View to grant broad, organization-wide access to certain resources.

2. The external application receives a response containing the access token:

   {
       "access_token":"{access_token}",
       "expires_in":3600,
       "token_type":"Bearer",
       "scope":"{scopes}"
   }

   The application can use the access token to access user resources until the token expires (one hour).

Confidential apps with user scopes (authorization code flow)

For a confidential external apps with user scopes, you perform the authorization code flow against Identity Server.

Diagram shows the OAuth Authorization Code flow. Client requests authorization from Identity Server. User is then prompted to log in. Upon success, Identity Server provides authorization code. Client uses this code and client secret to retrieve an access token. With the verified token, access to API resources is provided.

For a detailed understanding of the OAuth flow utilizing authorization codes, please refer to the RFC 6749 document.

Note: If you are using Postman or a similar tool, use the content type application/x-www-form-urlencoded

1. The external application sends an authorize request to get the authorization code to the Identity Server authorize endpoint https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/authorize?:

   response_type=code&acr_values={value}&client_id={app_id}&scope={scopes}&redirect_uri={redirect_url}

   Option	Description
   acr_values	Allows Identity Server to apply an authentication policy based on the organization to which the user belongs. Can take different values: acr_values=tenant:{target organization GlobalId} - the organization ID serves as an ACR value. acr_values=tenantName:{target organization name} - the organization name acts as an ACR value.
   client_id	Specifies the unique identifier assigned to the application during its registration. Must contain the App ID (as provided by the administrator).
   client_secret	Specifies a confidential piece of information, like a password, that is provided to confidential applications upon their registration. This field is used along with the client_id to authenticate the application when it issues requests to the Identity Server. Must contain the App Secret (as provided by the administrator).
   scope	Specifies the scopes requested by the application, delimited by a space; for example: OR.Machines.View OR.Default. Use OR.Default to grant controlled, customized access within specific tenants or folders. The permissions the application gets are determined based on the tenants or folders the application is assigned in by the administrator. Use explicit scopes like OR.Machines.View to grant broad, organization-wide access to certain resources.
   redirect_uri	Specifies the URL where Identity Server redirects the authorize request after the authorization code is granted

2. A user must log in to authenticate the authorize request.

   The request fails if:

   • the user is not in the organization where the external application was registered
   • for some resources, the logged in user does not have the required permissions for the scope of the request.
3. The external application receives the authorization code. You can use the authorization code only once.
   Sample authorize request redirect: {redirect_url}?code={authorization_code}&scope={scopes}
4. The external application requests an access token from UiPath® Identity Server using the authorization code and authentication details (client_id and  client_secret). These are included in the body of a POST request to the token endpoint https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/token.

   grant_type=authorization_code&code={authorization_code}&redirect_uri={redirect_url}&client_id={app_id}&client_secret={app_secret}

5. The external application receives a response containing the access token, for example:

   {
       "access_token":"{access_token}",
       "expires_in":3600,
       "token_type":"Bearer",
       "scope":"{scopes}"
   }

The application can use the access token to access user resources until the token expires (one hour).

Non-confidential apps with user scopes (authorization code with PKCE flow)

For a non-confidential application with user scopes, you perform the authorization code with PKCE flow. For a detailed understanding of the OAuth flow utilizing authorization code with PKCE, please refer to the RFC 7636 document.

With this grant type, the flow is as follows:

1. The external application sends an authorize request to get the authorization code to the https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/authorize? endpoint:

   response_type=code&client_id={app_id}&scope={scopes}&redirect_uri={redirect_url}&code_challenge={cryptographically-random string from code_verifier}&code_challenge_method=S256

   Option	Description
   client_id	Specifies the unique identifier assigned to the application during its registration. Must contain the App ID (as provided by the administrator).
   scope	Specifies the scopes requested by the application, delimited by a space; for example: OR.Machines.View.
   redirect_uri	Specifies the URL where UiPath Identity Server redirects the authorize request after the authorization code is granted.
   code_challenge_method	Specifies the method used to encode the code_verifier for the code_challenge. The value for this field must be S256, meaning the code_verifier should be hashed using SHA256 and base64url-encoded to create the code_challenge.
   code_challenge	A cryptographically-random string derived from the code_verifier, used to connect the authorization request to the token request. You must use a code verifier algorithm to generate the code challenge. You can also create your own, as long as it complies with the rfc7636 standard.

2. In the POST token request to https://{identity_baseURL}/connect/token, you need to include code_verifier (the original string used to generate code_challenge) in the request body.

   grant_type=authorization_code&code={authorization_code}&redirect_uri={redirect_url}&client_id={app_id}&code_verifier={code_verifier}

   The response includes an access token which the application can use to access user resources until the token expires (one hour).

Using the access token

After the application has an access token, it can use the token to access allowed resources, limited to the selected scopes, until the token expires (one hour).

Here is a sample request to the odata/Machines API that uses an access token in the Authorization header, where the access token contains OR.Machines scope in the scope claim.

curl -X GET "https://{yourDomain}/{organizationName}/{tenantName}/orchestrator_/odata/Machines"
  -H "Authorization: Bearer {access_token}" -H  "accept: application/json"

Obtaining a refresh token

Access tokens expire in one hour. The external application can get a new access token without user interaction by exchanging a refresh token for it. Both confidential and non-confidential external applications can request a refresh token. However, the client credentials flow does not support refresh tokens. In the client credentials flow, access tokens are granted directly without refresh tokens. When clients need a new token, they must reauthenticate using their credentials.

Refresh tokens are also valid for only one use and they expire after 60 days.

To request a refresh token, you must include offline_access in the scope parameter of the authorize request so that the authorization code can be used in a token request to get a refresh token.

Getting a refresh token

Send a POST request with the authorization code to the token endpoint

https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/token.

Note: If you are using Postman or a similar tool, use the content type application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

The request returns a new access token and a refresh token:

{ 
    "access_token": "{access_token}", 
    "expires_in": 3600, 
    "token_type": "Bearer", 
    "refresh_token": "{refresh_token}", 
    "scope": "OR.Machines OR.Robots offline_access" 
}

Getting a new refresh token and a new access token

Send a POST request to the token endpoint https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/token using the refresh_token grant type.

Note: If you are using Postman or a similar tool, use the content type application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

{
    "grant_type": "refresh_token",
    "client_id": "{app_id}",
    "client_secret": "{app_secret}",
    "refresh_token": "{existing_refresh_token}"
}

Note: If the external application is non-confidential and utilizing the authorization code with the PKCE grant type, remove the client_secret parameter from the request body.

The response returns a new access token and a new refresh token.

The existing refresh token is no longer valid after use, so make sure you use the new refresh token you received.

UiPath® Identity Server endpoints

If you are using Postman or a similar tool, use the content type application/x-www-form-urlencoded for any requests to Identity Server endpoints. If you are making requests programmatically, this is not required.

Identity Server layer	Endpoint	Description
Discovery	https://{yourDomain}/identity_/.well-known/openid-configuration	Use this endpoint to retrieve metadata about your Identity Server instance.
Authorization	https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/authorize	Use this endpoint to request tokens or authorization codes via the browser. This process includes authentication of the end-user and optionally consent.
Token	https://{yourDomain}/identity_/connect/token	Use this endpoint to programmatically request tokens. Note that for this endpoint, the content type must be application/x-www-form-urlencoded.